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Using a VPN is a great way to shield your internet traffic when you're traveling, but it's not a solution for encrypting your local files. .

When the FBI needed information from the San Bernardino shooter's iPhone, they asked Apple to get a back door to get beyond the encryption. However, no such back door existed, and Apple refused to create one. The FBI had to employ hackers to get into the phone.

Why wouldn't Apple help Since the moment a back door or similar hack exists, it will become a target, a decoration for the poor guys. It'll leak sooner or later. In a talk at Black Hat this past summer, Apple's Ivan Krstic revealed that the company has done something similar in their cryptographic servers.

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Apple can't update them, but the bad guys can't get in either. .

All the products in this roundup explicitly say they have no rear door, and that is as it ought to be. It does mean that if you encrypt an essential document and then forget the encryption password, you have lost it for good.

Back in the day, if you wanted to maintain a document key you can use a cipher to encrypt it and then burn the original. Or you could lock it up in a safe. The two main methods in encryption utilities parallel with those options.

One sort of product simply procedures files and folders, turning them into impenetrable encrypted versions of these. Another creates a virtual disk that, when open, behaves like any other drive on your system. When you lock the virtual drive, all of the documents that you put into it are completely inaccessible. .

Similar to the digital drive solution, some products store your encrypted information in the cloud. This strategy demands extreme caution, obviously. Encrypted data in the cloud has a far bigger attack surface than encrypted data on your own PC.

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Which is better It really depends on how you plan on using encryption. If you are not sure, take advantage of the 30-day free trial provided by each one of these products to have a sense of the different options.

After you copy a file into protected storage, or make an encrypted version of it, then you absolutely need to wipe out the unencrypted original. Simply deleting it isn't sufficient, even if you bypass the Recycle Bin, because the data still exists on disk, and data recovery utilities can often get it back. .

Some encryption products avoid this problem by encrypting the file in location, literally overwriting it on disc with an encrypted version. It's more common, however, to provide safe deletion as an option. If you select something that lacks this feature, you should find a free secure deletion tool to use along with it. .

Overwriting data before deletion is sufficient to balk software-based retrieval tools. Hardware-based forensic recovery works since the magnetic recording of data on a hard drive isn't actually digital. It's more of a waveform. In simple terms, the procedure involves nulling out the known data and reading around the borders of what's left.

An encryption algorithm is similar to a black box. Dump a document, image, read this or other document into it, and you get back what seems like gibberish. Run that gibberish back via the box, with the same password, and you get back the original.

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The U.S. government has depended on Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) as a standard, and all the products gathered here support AES. Even the ones that support other calculations tend to recommend using AES.

If you're an encryption expert, you might prefer another algorithm, Blowfish, perhaps, or even the Soviet government's GOST. For the average user, however, AES is just fine.

Passwords are important, and you must keep them secret, right Well, not when you use Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) cryptography.

With PKI, you get two keys. One is public; you can discuss it with anyone, enroll it in an integral exchange, tattoo it on your foreheadwhatever you prefer. The other is personal, and needs to be carefully guarded. If I want to blog here send you a secret document, I just encrypt it with your public key.

Simple! .

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Using this program in reverse, you can create an electronic signature which proves your document came from you and hasn't been modified. How Exactly To encrypt it with your private key. The simple fact that your public key decrypts it is all the proof you need. PKI support is less common than service for traditional symmetric algorithms. .

If you want to talk about a file with someone and your encryption application doesn't support PKI, there are different options for sharing. Many products allow creation of a self-decrypting executable file. You could also find that the recipient can use a i loved this free, decryption-only tool.